Week 11

Other Knowledge Capture techniques

On Site Observation: Process which involves knowledge developer observing the expert while solving the specific problem.
Brainstorming: Unstructured approach of creating ideas about solution of a problem. Questions can be raised for clarification.

Role of Knowledge Developer in Brainstorming:

General procedure for the session of brainstorming are as follows:

• Introduce and coordinate the brainstorming session
• Presenting the problem to the expert
• Prompt experts to generate ideas
• Watch for signs of possible convergence 

Electronic Brainstorming: Promotes instant exchange of ideas b/w experts that identifies objectives and structures the agenda. Through brainstorming effective communication can be made about the sensitive issues.

Protocol Analysis: Scenarios are collected by asking experts to solve the problem.

Consensus: Process of group decision making. Inputs gather from all experts and make final and better decision/solution.

Consensus Procedure:

• A proposal for resolution is put forward
• Amend and modify proposal through discussion
• Those participants who disagree with the proposal have the responsibility to put forward alternative proposals
• The one who put forward the proposal, with help of facilitator, can choose to withdraw proposal if seems to be dead end.
• When a proposal seems to be well understood and no new changes asked for, the facilitator confirm any objections
• If no objections, the facilitator can call for consensus
• If there are still no objections, then after a moment of silence, you have the decision
• If consensus appears to have reached, the facilitator repeats the decision so everyone is clear

Maheen Asif

Week 10

KM Architecture:

We classify fundamentals for KM systems in Layers that represents internal technologies of company which are as follows:

The User Interface: Interface b/w user and KM system like a web browser which should be consistent and easy to use.
Authorized Access Control: This layer ensures the unauthorized access to the info stored in company repositories. It maintains security.
Knowledge-Enabling Application: It provides knowledge Bases(i.e how performance can improve?), dbms information and aurtomation tools.

Transport Layer: Ensures that company will become a network of relationships such as LANs. WANs. intranets, extranets, and the internet.

Middleware: It makes possible to connect old and new data formats.

Physical Repositories: Most bottom layer of KM architecture where all repositories are installed.

KM System Development Life Cycle:

~Evaluate existing infrastructure~Form the KM team~Knowledge capture~Design KM blueprint (master plan)~Test the KM system~Implement the KM system~Manage change and reward structure~Post-system evaluation

Chapter 5

Capturing Tacit Knowledge

Knowledge Capturing: The process of gathering information about the expert's experience and thinking.

3 Important Steps:

• Use appropriate technique to gather info
• Interpret the info
• Build rules with the interpretations.

Level of Experts:

• Highly expert persons. 
• Moderately expert problem solvers. 
• New experts.

Individual Expert: Ideal when building simple KM system, easily conflicts can be resolved.

Multiple Experts: It can benefit complex problem domain and allow alternative way of representing knowledge.

Types of Interview:

Structured: Questions and responses are definitive.

Unstructured: Neither the questions nor their responses specified in advance.

Semi Structured: Predefined questions are asked.

Maheen Asif

Week 9

"MIDS EXAMS"

Week 8

FYP Mid year Evaluation Presentation

&

Revision for MIDS Exam

Week 7

EID MUBARAK

Week 6

Seminar Presentation

Technology Enhanced Learning

It is the improvement of learning support with the help of information and communication technologies.

TEL aims to design, develop and test socio-technical innovations than can improve learning of both individuals and organizations, especially using digital technologies

Formal Settings

Learners are involved in a learning process which is pre-defined by teachers within a specific curriculum for achieving a particular accreditation from educational institutions like University, College or School.

Informal Settings

Learners are participated in daily life activities related to work, family or leisure, and are responsible for their own learning pace and path, it dose not lead to a specific accreditation.

Other Learning Technologies

Mobile Leaning: Mobile helps in learning when learners are waiting for public transport or in airport lounges, in free time between lectures, and travelling to and from school on the bus.

Context aware Ubiquitous: A system is context-aware if it uses context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the user’s task.

A context aware ubiquitous learning (U-Learning) environment provides such a learning scenario that individual students are guided to learn in a real-world situation with supports or instructions from a computer system, using a mobile device to access the digital content via wireless communications; in the meantime, the learning system is able to detect and record the learning behaviors of the students in the real-world and virtual world with the help of the sensor technology 

Virtual Reality: Virtual learning Environments (VLE) are computer-based environments that are relatively open systems, enabling interactions, and encounters with other learners and providing access to a wide range of resources

VLEs can supplement face-to-face teaching methods, or totally replace these teaching methods in the case of distance learning

Week 5

Knowledge Creation and knowledge management architecture

What is knowledge creation?      

     ü  Knowledge creation is dynamic, a daily basis activity. It is responsible for the enhancement of success of an organization.

ü  Maturation: Translate experience into knowledge.

Learning and innovation at work in organizations is a social phenomenon that requires communication across individual and organizational boundaries, collaboration, and knowledge and information transfer within and across organizational structures In organizational theory, knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another. Like knowledge management, knowledge transfer seeks to organize, create, capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users.

Knowledge Creation and Transfer via Teams:

•          Knowledge update can mean creating new knowledge based on ongoing experience in a specific domain and then using the new knowledge in combination with the existing knowledge to come up with updated knowledge for knowledge sharing.
•          Knowledge can be created through teamwork
•          A team can commit to perform a job over a specific period of time.
•          A job can be regarded as a series of specific tasks carried out in a specific order.
•          When the job is completed, then the team compares the experience it had initially (while starting the job) to the outcome (successful/disappointing).
•          This comparison translates experience into knowledge.
•          While performing the same job in future, the team can take corrective steps and/or modify the actions based on the new knowledge they have acquired.
•          Over time, experience usually leads to expertise where one team (or individual) can be known for handling a complex problem very well.
•          This knowledge can be transferred to others in a reusable format.       

                       SECI Model of Knowledge Creation:

Four modes of knowledge conversion were identified:

o   Tacit to tacit(Socialization);

o   Tacit to explicit (Externalization);
o   explicit to explicit(Combination),
o   explicit to tacit (Internalization).

 Socialization                                                       

Sharing tacit knowledge through face-to-face communication or shared experience. Informal social intercourse and teaching by practical examples. An example is an apprenticeship.

Externalization:

Trying to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge by developing concepts and models. In this phase tacit knowledge is converted to understandable and interpretable form, so it can be also used by others. Externalized and theoretical knowledge is a base for creating new knowledge.

Combination
Compiling externalized explicit knowledge to broader entities and concept systems. When knowledge is in explicit form it can be combined with the knowledge that has been filed earlier. In this phase knowledge is also analyzed and organized.
Internalization
Internalization means understanding explicit knowledge. It happens when explicit knowledge transforms to tacit and becomes a part of individual’s basic information. Cycle continues now in the spiral of knowledge back to socialization when individual shares his tacit knowledge silently. This is how amount of knowledge grows and the previous conceptions might change.
The creation of knowledge is a continuous process of dynamic interactions between tacit and explicit knowledge. The four modes of knowledge conversion interact in the spiral of knowledge creation. The spiral becomes larger in scale as it moves up through organizational levels, and can trigger new spirals of knowledge creation.
Benefits of the SECI model
- Appreciates the dynamic nature of knowledge and knowledge creation.
- Provides a framework for management of the relevant processes.

Knowledge Management Architecture:

• Knowledge architecture can be regarded as a prerequisite to knowledge sharing.
• The infrastructure can be viewed as a combination of people, content, and technology.
• These components are inseparable and interdependent

User Interface Layer

• Usually a web browser represents the interface between the user and the KM system.
• It is the top layer in the KM system architecture.
• The way the text, graphics, tables etc are displayed on the screen tends to simplify the technology for the user.
• The user interface layer should provide a way for the proper flow of tacit and explicit knowledge.
• The necessary knowledge transfer between people and technology involves capturing tacit knowledge from experts, storing it in knowledge base, and making it available to people for solving complex problems.
• Features to be considered in case of user interface design:
• Consistency
• Relevancy
• Visual clarity
• Usability
• Ease of Navigation

 Mehwish Shehzad !