Week 9

"MIDS EXAMS"

Week 8

FYP Mid year Evaluation Presentation

&

Revision for MIDS Exam

Week 7

EID MUBARAK

Week 6

Seminar Presentation

Technology Enhanced Learning

It is the improvement of learning support with the help of information and communication technologies.

TEL aims to design, develop and test socio-technical innovations than can improve learning of both individuals and organizations, especially using digital technologies

Formal Settings

Learners are involved in a learning process which is pre-defined by teachers within a specific curriculum for achieving a particular accreditation from educational institutions like University, College or School.

Informal Settings

Learners are participated in daily life activities related to work, family or leisure, and are responsible for their own learning pace and path, it dose not lead to a specific accreditation.

Other Learning Technologies

Mobile Leaning: Mobile helps in learning when learners are waiting for public transport or in airport lounges, in free time between lectures, and travelling to and from school on the bus.

Context aware Ubiquitous: A system is context-aware if it uses context to provide relevant information and/or services to the user, where relevancy depends on the user’s task.

A context aware ubiquitous learning (U-Learning) environment provides such a learning scenario that individual students are guided to learn in a real-world situation with supports or instructions from a computer system, using a mobile device to access the digital content via wireless communications; in the meantime, the learning system is able to detect and record the learning behaviors of the students in the real-world and virtual world with the help of the sensor technology 

Virtual Reality: Virtual learning Environments (VLE) are computer-based environments that are relatively open systems, enabling interactions, and encounters with other learners and providing access to a wide range of resources

VLEs can supplement face-to-face teaching methods, or totally replace these teaching methods in the case of distance learning

Week 5

Knowledge Creation and knowledge management architecture

What is knowledge creation?      

     ü  Knowledge creation is dynamic, a daily basis activity. It is responsible for the enhancement of success of an organization.

ü  Maturation: Translate experience into knowledge.

Learning and innovation at work in organizations is a social phenomenon that requires communication across individual and organizational boundaries, collaboration, and knowledge and information transfer within and across organizational structures In organizational theory, knowledge transfer is the practical problem of transferring knowledge from one part of the organization to another. Like knowledge management, knowledge transfer seeks to organize, create, capture or distribute knowledge and ensure its availability for future users.

Knowledge Creation and Transfer via Teams:

•          Knowledge update can mean creating new knowledge based on ongoing experience in a specific domain and then using the new knowledge in combination with the existing knowledge to come up with updated knowledge for knowledge sharing.
•          Knowledge can be created through teamwork
•          A team can commit to perform a job over a specific period of time.
•          A job can be regarded as a series of specific tasks carried out in a specific order.
•          When the job is completed, then the team compares the experience it had initially (while starting the job) to the outcome (successful/disappointing).
•          This comparison translates experience into knowledge.
•          While performing the same job in future, the team can take corrective steps and/or modify the actions based on the new knowledge they have acquired.
•          Over time, experience usually leads to expertise where one team (or individual) can be known for handling a complex problem very well.
•          This knowledge can be transferred to others in a reusable format.       

                       SECI Model of Knowledge Creation:

Four modes of knowledge conversion were identified:

o   Tacit to tacit(Socialization);

o   Tacit to explicit (Externalization);
o   explicit to explicit(Combination),
o   explicit to tacit (Internalization).

 Socialization                                                       

Sharing tacit knowledge through face-to-face communication or shared experience. Informal social intercourse and teaching by practical examples. An example is an apprenticeship.

Externalization:

Trying to convert tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge by developing concepts and models. In this phase tacit knowledge is converted to understandable and interpretable form, so it can be also used by others. Externalized and theoretical knowledge is a base for creating new knowledge.

Combination
Compiling externalized explicit knowledge to broader entities and concept systems. When knowledge is in explicit form it can be combined with the knowledge that has been filed earlier. In this phase knowledge is also analyzed and organized.
Internalization
Internalization means understanding explicit knowledge. It happens when explicit knowledge transforms to tacit and becomes a part of individual’s basic information. Cycle continues now in the spiral of knowledge back to socialization when individual shares his tacit knowledge silently. This is how amount of knowledge grows and the previous conceptions might change.
The creation of knowledge is a continuous process of dynamic interactions between tacit and explicit knowledge. The four modes of knowledge conversion interact in the spiral of knowledge creation. The spiral becomes larger in scale as it moves up through organizational levels, and can trigger new spirals of knowledge creation.
Benefits of the SECI model
- Appreciates the dynamic nature of knowledge and knowledge creation.
- Provides a framework for management of the relevant processes.

Knowledge Management Architecture:

• Knowledge architecture can be regarded as a prerequisite to knowledge sharing.
• The infrastructure can be viewed as a combination of people, content, and technology.
• These components are inseparable and interdependent

User Interface Layer

• Usually a web browser represents the interface between the user and the KM system.
• It is the top layer in the KM system architecture.
• The way the text, graphics, tables etc are displayed on the screen tends to simplify the technology for the user.
• The user interface layer should provide a way for the proper flow of tacit and explicit knowledge.
• The necessary knowledge transfer between people and technology involves capturing tacit knowledge from experts, storing it in knowledge base, and making it available to people for solving complex problems.
• Features to be considered in case of user interface design:
• Consistency
• Relevancy
• Visual clarity
• Usability
• Ease of Navigation

 Mehwish Shehzad !

Week 4

KMCS APPROACHES

Evaluate existing Information: Identifying and evaluating the current knowledge makes it easier to point out the critical missing gaps & justify the formation of new knowledge. As a part of this phase, we focus on the system justification, scoping the evaluation, determining feasibility.

a. System Justification: Developer to justify whether it is worth undergoing changes that ensures top support.KM system justification involves answers to specific questions.

1. Is current knowledge going to be lost through retirement, transfer or departure to other firms?

2. Is the proposed KM system needed in sever locations?

3. Are experts available & willing to help in building a KM system?

4. Does the problem in question require ears of experience & cognitive reasoning to solve?

5. When undergoing knowledge capture, can expert articulate how the problem will be solved?

6. How critical is the knowledge to be captures?

7. Is there a champion in the house?

b. Scope Factor: Consider breadth and depth of the project within financial, human resource, & operational constraints. Project must be completed quickly enough for users to foresee its benefits. Check to see how the current technology will match technical requirements of the proposed KM system

c. Feasibility Question: A feasibility study addresses several questions:

Is the project doable? Affordable? Appropriate? Practicable?

Traditional approach to conducting a feasibility study could be useful in building KM system. It involves several tasks:

Form a KM team.

Prepare a master plan

Evaluate cost/performance of the proposed KM system.

Quantify system criteria & costs (rating scale).

d. Role of Strategic Planning: Risky to plunge into a KMS without strategy, Knowledge developer should consider.

Vision — Foresee what the business is trying to achieve, how it will be done, and how the new system will achieve goals

Resources — check on the affordability of the business to invest in a new KM system

Culture — is the company’s political and social environment amenable to adopting a new KM system?

Form the KM Team: After the evaluation of the company’s existing infrastructure is complete; a KM team should be formed. Team success depends on a number of factors:

1. Caliber of team members in terms of personality, communication skills &experience.

2. Team size.

3. Complexity of the project.

4. Leadership & team motivation.5.Promising more than can be realistically delivered.

Knowledge Capture: Knowledge capture involves eliciting, analyzing & interpreting the knowledge that a human expert uses to solve a particular problem. Knowledge capture & transfer are often carried out in teams, not just through individuals. Capture includes determining feasibility, choosing the expert, tapping the expert’s knowledge, and tapping the knowledge to plug gaps in the system & to verify and validate the knowledge base after the system is in operation. A competent & cooperative expert is essential to the success of knowledge capture.

Design of the KM Blueprint: The KM system design (blueprint) addresses several issues:

System interoperability and scalability with existing company IT infrastructure, Finalize scope of proposed KM system with realized net benefits, Decide on required system components, Develop the key layers of the KM architecture to meet company requirements. Key layers are: User interface

Authentication/security layer, Collaborative agents and filtering, Application layer, Transport Internet

Physical layer.

Testing the KM System:

Verification procedure: ensures that the system is right

Validation procedure: ensures that the system is the right system. Validation of KM systems is not foolproof

Implement the KM System: Implementation means converting a new KM system into actual operation.

Conversion is the major step in implementation.

The other steps are post implementation review & KM system maintenance.

It is the transformation of the precise representation of knowledge into machine equivalent -a specific program or software package.

Manage Change and Rewards Structure: Goal is to minimize resistance to change.Experts, Regular employees (users), Troublemakers.Resistances via projection, avoidance, or aggression

Post-system Evaluation: Assess the system’s impact in terms of effects on.People, Procedures,

Performance of the business. Areas of concern: Quality of decision making, Attitude of end users,

Costs of Knowledge processing and up-date.

Kulsum Raza !

Week3

Knowledge Management Systems Life Cycle

CHALLENGES IN BUILDING KM SYSTEMS: 

A knowledge management project has uncovered a number of difficulties in implementing knowledge management systems.

Among these difficulties are the following:

• Changing Organization Culture: Management support / sponsorship demonstrating business value change management implications keeping up with new technologies security.
• Knowledge Evaluation: Manage integrated databases, interoperability, navigational tools of the organization.
• Knowledge Processing: Content in repositories lacks context, making documents difficult to understand.
• Knowledge Implementation: Individual employees are not rewarded for contributing content, and many fear sharing knowledge with others.

Key Differences and Similarities: The systems analyst gathers data and information from the users and the users depend on analysts for the solution. The knowledge developer gathers knowledge from people with known knowledge and the developer depends on them for the solution. Conventional systems development is primarily sequential, whereas KMSLC is incremental and interactive. In case of conventional systems, testing is usually done towards the end of the cycle (after the system has been built), whereas in KMSLC, the evolving system is verified and validated from the beginning of the cycle. Systems development and systems management is much more extensive for conventional information systems than it is for KMSLC. The conventional systems life cycle is usually process-driven and documentation-oriented whereas KMSLC is result-oriented. The conventional systems development does not support tools such as rapid prototyping since it follows a predefined sequence of steps KMSLC can use rapid prototyping incorporating changes on the spot.

Stages of KMS: 

There are eight stages of KMS:

System justification: 

It begins finding the experts that are interested in building the KM system and does these experts require years of experience and knowledge. The system should be complete quickly and using the latest technologies. Strategies should be made before building a Km system. The development team should keep the vision, resource, culture in mind while working on it.

Forming team: 

The team should be formed according to the complexity of project and ability and motivation of team members and their core competencies.

Knowledge Capturing: 

Knowledge capturing is an important stage of the km system. Accessing the value of information from repositories. Rending knowledge from organizational experts.

Design the km blue print: 

In designing the km blue print address several issues in deciding the system component, developing the software architecture.

Testing the KM system: 

Verification determines if the system was built right, while validation ensures that the correct system was built to meet the user’s expectations.

Implement the KM system: 

Before implementing the Km system quality assurance is very important factor .conversation the system in real life operation includes data and file conversion.

Kulsum Raza!